To execute a file in IDLE, simply press the F5 key on your keyboard. You can also select Run → Run Module from the menu bar. Either option will restart the Python interpreter and then run the code that you’ve written with a fresh interpreter. The process is the same as when you run python3 -i filename in your terminal. Virtualenv is a tool that lets you create an isolated Python environment for your project. It creates an environment that has its own installation directories, that doesn’t share dependencies with other virtualenv environments (and optionally doesn’t access the globally installed dependencies either). Just click the Run Python File in Terminal play button in the top-right side of the editor. The button opens a terminal panel in which your Python interpreter is automatically activated, then runs python3 hello.py (macOS/Linux) or python hello.py (Windows): There are three other ways you can run Python code within VS Code. For Python, this is a simple comment, but for the operating system, this line indicates what program must be used to run the file. This line begins with the #! Character combination, which is commonly called hash bang or shebang, and continues with the path to the interpreter. Python may be installed on your Mac already: you can test this out by opening Terminal and entering python -version. If it's not, you should make your way to the Python website and click the.
Lately there is many people who want to learn computer programming and their first choice is to start with Python, a scripting language which can be easily utilized to automate different tasks such as scraping web pages on the Internet, interacting with public APIs and even pulling data our of your .excel documents.
Being a Python nerd myself, it makes me very happy to see new comers to the technology as the more coders make use of it, the higher is the chance it lives really long.
About Python
Python is a high level computer programming language which offers the professional programmer the necessary tools required to prototype and build computer software. Completely open source and free as in beer, it is widely used by software engineers all over world. Giants like Google and Youtube make use of Python computer programming language too, in fact they have big systems which depend heavily on Python code.
Not only already established companies make use of Python, but startups too, as the Python technology offers the right tools needed for doing rapid development and prototyping.
Python is not hard, but truth is that it is not easy as most of the newbies make it. One has to code a real project before giving any opinion on the difficulty of the programming language.
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The first time I got introduced to Python code it felt like I was reading myself, my personal thoughts materialized in a computer technology.
Enough words, time for some action.
You need a Python interpreter to execute Python code
Python is an interpreted programming language, which means that for one to execute Python code on their local machine, they have to make sure they have the official interpreter. Fortunately for you guys, in Mac OS X computers, Python is shipped by default.
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To run Python script on Mac you need to make sure you have Python already installed on your Mac OS X machine, go to Launchpad, search for the terminal and after you have opened it, type the following command.
python
After the above command is executed on your Mac OS X, if everything goes fine, the following will come up.
The stuff shown in the above screenshot comes from the Python interpreter.
Execute you first Python line code
To execute Python code in the interpreter all one has to do is type the line of code and then hit Return button. In Python, code is being executed line by line. As far as I know there is two ways to run Python code, interactively and script mode.
Once one launches Python shell from their terminal, the interactive mode of executing code is being activated.
Type the following in your Python shell and hit Return.
1 + 2
The following comes up.
If everything has worked correctly, you have successfully executed your first Python line code. As it is seen from the above example executed in the Python shell, when one works in interactive mode, every line of code produces an immediate result. The good thing about working with Python in interactive mode is the fact that one can easily test pieces of code and see for themselves what they do.
Interactive mode code execution, is a Python feature which I truly love as not only it does help one to test and play with parts of their code, but it is very useful for the beginners too.
Some Python basics needed to write the script
One important part of programming languages is the variables which is being used to keep track of data. One can easily declare variables in Python programming language by using the following syntax.
a = 5
The above variable links to data of type int, to an integer. There is many other data types supported in Python such as strings, floating point, list, tuple and dictionary. https://uxkofw.weebly.com/blog/what-is-the-preview-app-on-my-mac.
b = 13.0 # a floating point
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The above variable b, links to a floating point object. To experiment a little bit in the Python interactive shell, run the following arithmetic operation. https://uxkofw.weebly.com/blog/kindle-app-mac-desktop.
a + b
Python supports arithmetic operations by default. Other data types important for one during their Python coder journey is list and tuple.
A list is used to store objects of various data types. The following is the syntax for declaring a list.
l = []
Perfect for storing different objects, the list data type supports indexing which can be used to access its elements.
Declare another list in Python interactive shell like shown below.
l = [1, ‘liberiangeek’, 1.0]
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For one to access the elements of the list, indexing operations can be used. The first element has an index of 0.
l[0]
It should produce the following result.
1
The second element of the list can be accessed with the following syntax.
l[1]
The following result should come after executing the above Python code in the interactive shell.
‘liberiangeek’
Fact is that list objects can change in time, elements can be added to and removed from them.
To add an element inside a Python list, the list specific method should be used like shown below.
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l.append(‘new_element’)
Once the above code is being executed in the Python interactive shell, the list should be updated.
To verify is the list is updated or not, do the following check.
l
On the other hand, tuples is similar to lists, but the main difference is that they don’t change in time.
A tuple is declared with the following syntax.
t = () # this is a tuple
Same as lists, tuples support indexing too.
t = (1, 2, 3)
t [0]
Write the Python script
Any script written in Python should end in the .py extension, and it is called a module. For example, for the purpose of this tutorial, I am going to create the following text document in my text editor and then save it as a Python file.
liberiangeek.py
First thing I recommend right now for the level of knowledge you possess, is to comment the script, so you can easily understand its purpose when referring to it in the future.
The following syntax can be used to write a comment in Python. Comments is being used to explain code, they don’t get interpreted by the interpreter, instead they get ignored as their purpose is to help the coder comment their code.
# this is a comment which explains the python script
After having written the above code in the Python script, save the file in a .py extension. The script is not finished yet, it’s purpose is to practice all the Python concepts being covered through this article.
Create two variables like shown below, and make sure to save the Python script again, so you can avoid losing your work in case of any problems with your computer.
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Then try to write a simple arithmetic operation in the script, like shown below.
c = a + b
Once you have written all the code above and saved the script, declare a list like shown below, and pull the first element out of it by indexing.
l = [‘liberiangeek’, ‘python’, ‘coder’]
first_el_of_list = l[0]
Before executing the Python script, there is a very important Python statement which we need to make use of, the print statement. It helps one to display output on the console.
Add the following two lines in your script, and you are done.
print(c)
print(first_el_of_list)
Execute the Python script
Before running the script it is very important that the working directory on your terminal, matches the path where the script is being stored. Mine is placed on /Users/Oltjano/Desktop/liberiangeek.py.
The following command is used to execute a Python script from the Mac OS X terminal.
python liberiangeek.py
Final thoughts
Executing a Python script on local Mac OS X is truly easy as the machine offers the interpreter by default, but those who have no idea about Python code, get usually stuck when they have to run a script.
The Terminal app allows you to control your Mac using a command prompt. Why would you want to do that? Well, perhaps because you’re used to working on a command line in a Unix-based system and prefer to work that way. Terminal is a Mac command line interface. There are several advantages to using Terminal to accomplish some tasks — it’s usually quicker, for example. In order to use it, however, you’ll need to get to grips with its basic commands and functions. Once you’ve done that, you can dig deeper and learn more commands and use your Mac’s command prompt for more complex, as well as some fun, tasks.
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How to open Terminal on Mac
The Terminal app is in the Utilities folder in Applications. To open it, either open your Applications folder, then open Utilities and double-click on Terminal, or press Command - spacebar to launch Spotlight and type 'Terminal,' then double-click the search result.
You’ll see a small window with a white background open on your desktop. In the title bar are your username, the word 'bash' and the dimensions of the window in pixels. Bash stands for 'Bourne again shell'. There are a number of different shells that can run Unix commands, and on the Mac Bash is the one used by Terminal.
If you want to make the window bigger, click on the bottom right corner and drag it outwards. If you don’t like the black text on a white background, go to the Shell menu, choose New Window and select from the options in the list.
If Terminal feels complicated or you have issues with the set-up, let us tell you right away that there are alternatives. MacPilot allows to get access to over 1,200 macOS features without memorizing any commands. Basically, a third-party Terminal for Mac that acts like Finder.
For Mac monitoring features, try iStat Menus. The app collects data like CPU load, disk activity, network usage, and more — all of which accessible from your menu bar.
Basic Mac commands in Terminal
The quickest way to get to know Terminal and understand how it works is to start using it. But before we do that, it’s worth spending a little time getting to know how commands work. To run a command, you just type it at the cursor and hit Return to execute.
Every command is made up of three elements: the command itself, an argument which tells the command what resource it should operate on, and an option that modifies the output. So, for example, to move a file from one folder to another on your Mac, you’d use the move command 'mv' and then type the location of the file you want to move, including the file name and the location where you want to move it to.
Let’s try it.
You should now see a list of all the files in your Documents folder — ls is the command for listing files.
To see a list of all the commands available in Terminal, hold down the Escape key and then press y when you see a question asking if you want to see all the possibilities. To see more commands, press Return.
Unix has its own built-in manual. So, to learn more about a command type man [name of command], where 'command' is the name of the command you want find out more about.
Terminal rules
There are a few things you need to bear in mind when you’re typing commands in Terminal, or any other command-line tool. Firstly, every character matters, including spaces. So when you’re copying a command you see here, make sure you include the spaces and that characters are in the correct case.
You can’t use a mouse or trackpad in Terminal, but you can navigate using the arrow keys. If you want to re-run a command, tap the up arrow key until you reach it, then press Return. To interrupt a command that’s already running, type Control-C.
Commands are always executed in the current location. So, if you don’t specify a location in the command, it will run wherever you last moved to or where the last command was run. Use the cdcommand, followed by a directory path, like in Step 1 above, to specify the folder where you want a command to run.
There is another way to specify a location: go to the Finder, navigate to the file or folder you want and drag it onto the Terminal window, with the cursor at the point where you would have typed the path.
Here’s another example. This time, we’ll create a new folder inside your Documents directory and call it 'TerminalTest.'
Go back to the Finder, open Text Edit and create a new file called 'TerminalTestFile.rtf'. Now save it to the TerminalTest folder in your Documents folder.
In the Terminal window, type cd ~/Documents/TerminalTest then Return. Now type lsand you should see 'TerminalTestFile' listed.
To change the name of the file, type this, pressing Return after every step:
That will change the name of the file to 'TerminalTestFile2'. You can, of course, use any name you like. The mv command means 'move' and you can also use it to move files from one directory to another. In that case, you’d keep the file names the same, but specify another directory before typing the the second instance of the name, like this:
mv ~/Documents/TerminalTest TerminalTestFile.rtf ~/Documents/TerminalTest2 TerminalTestFile.rtf
More advanced Terminal commands
Terminal can be used for all sorts of different tasks. Some of them can be performed in the Finder, but are quicker in Terminal. Others access deep-rooted parts of macOS that aren’t accessible from the Finder without specialist applications. Here are a few examples.
Copy files from one folder to another
Download files from the internet
You’ll need the URL of the file you want to download in order to use Terminal for this.
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If you want to download the file to a directory other than your Downloads folder, replace ~/Downloads/ with the path to that folder, or drag it onto the Terminal window after you type the cd command.
Change the default location for screenshots
If you don’t want macOS to save screenshots to your Desktop when you press Command-Shift-3, you can change the default location in Terminal
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By default, macOS saves screenshots as .png files. To change that to .jpg, do this:
Delete all files in a folder
The command used to delete, or remove, files in Terminal is rm. So, for example, if you wanted to remove a file in your Documents folder named 'oldfile.rtf' you’d use cd ~/Documents to go to your Documents folder then to delete the file. As it stands, that will delete the file without further intervention from you. If you want to confirm the file to be deleted, use -i as in rm -i oldfile.rtf
To delete all the files and sub-folders in a directory named 'oldfolder', the command is rm -R oldfolder and to confirm each file should be deleted, rm -iR oldfolder
Just because you can use Terminal to delete files on your Mac, doesn’t mean you should. It’s a relatively blunt instrument, deleting only those files and folders you specify.
Another way to free up space
If your goal in removing files or folders is to free up space on your Mac, or to remove junk files that are causing your Mac to run slowly, it’s far better to use an app designed for the purpose. CleanMyMac X is one such app.
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It will scan your Mac for files and recommend which ones you can delete safely, as well as telling you how much space you’ll save. And once you’ve decided which files to delete, you can get rid of them in a click. You can download CleanMyMac here.
As you can see, while Terminal may look scary and seem like it’s difficult to use, it really isn’t. The key is learning a few commands, such as those we’ve outlined above, and getting to know the syntax for those commands.
However, you should be careful when using Terminal, it’s a powerful tool that has deep access to your Mac’s system files. Check commands by googling them if you’re not sure what they do. And if you need to delete files to save space, use an app like CleanMyMac X to do it. It’s much safer!
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